Macro shot

Macro means the subject is reproduced on the sensor at close to its actual size, which needs a dedicated lens, an extension tube or a close-up filter. Get that close and two problems arrive together. Depth of field shrinks to millimetres, so the smallest movement throws focus off, and the lens starts blocking its own light.

A tripod, a stopped-down aperture and far more light than feels reasonable will handle both. Focus by moving the whole camera on a rail or sliding the subject, since turning the focus ring at this distance changes framing as much as focus.